Prostate Cancer
Prostate Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men, especially those over the age of 50. The prostate is a walnut-sized gland in the male reproductive system, responsible for producing seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.
While prostate cancer often grows slowly and may remain confined to the gland, some cases can be aggressive. Early detection and proper management can significantly improve outcomes.
What is Prostate Cancer?
Prostate cancer develops in the prostate gland, located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. Most cases are adenocarcinomas, which originate in the glandular cells responsible for producing prostate fluid.
In many men, prostate cancer progresses slowly and may not cause symptoms for years. However, in more aggressive forms, the disease can spread quickly to bones and other organs.
Causes and Risk Factors of Prostate Cancer
While the exact cause is unknown, several risk factors have been identified:
- Age – Risk increases significantly after age 50.
- Family History – A close relative with prostate cancer increases your risk.
- Genetics – Inherited mutations in genes like BRCA1, BRCA2, and conditions like Lynch syndrome can raise risk.
- Obesity – Overweight men may have a higher risk and poorer treatment outcomes.
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
Early-stage prostate cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:
Blood in Urine or Semen
Difficulty in urinating or Weak urine flow
Pelvic pain or discomfort during intercourse
Advanced symptoms (as cancer spreads):
Persistent pelvic or
lower back pain
Swelling in the legs
Pain or difficulty
during urination
Kidney complications or failure
If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider promptly.
Types of Prostate Cancer
Most common prostate cancers are:
- Adenocarcinomas – The most common type, originating from the cells that make prostate fluid.
- Small Cell Carcinomas
- Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Sarcomas
- Transitional Cell Carcinomas
Prostate Cancer Prevention
While not all cases are preventable, lifestyle changes may reduce your risk:
- Eat a healthy, balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Exercise regularly and maintain a healthy weight.
- Avoid unnecessary supplements without medical advice.
- Get screened if you have a family history or genetic predisposition.
Potential Side Effects of Prostate Cancer Treatment
Treatment can affect quality of life. Common side effects include:
- Urinary incontinence
- Erectile dysfunction
- Fatigue
- Bowel changes
Screening and Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer
1. PSA Blood Test (Prostate-Specific Antigen)
Measures PSA levels in the blood. Elevated PSA can suggest cancer, but also may indicate benign conditions like prostatitis or BPH.
2. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
A gloved, lubricated finger is inserted into the rectum to feel for abnormal prostate size, texture, or shape.
Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer
Treatment is personalized based on the cancer’s stage, aggressiveness, and the patient’s health.
Recommended for low-risk cancers with slow progression. Includes regular PSA tests, exams, and imaging.
Removal of the prostate gland, either via open or minimally invasive laparoscopic/robotic techniques.
- External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): High-energy X-rays target cancer.
- Brachytherapy: Radioactive seeds implanted directly into the prostate.
- Conformal Radiation Therapy: Precisely targets the tumor while sparing healthy tissue.
Reduces male hormones (testosterone and DHT) that fuel cancer growth. Used in intermediate to advanced stages.
Systemic treatment that uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy fast-growing cancer cells. Often used in advanced or hormone-resistant cases.
Used for patients with specific genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1/2). Targets cancer cells more precisely with fewer side effects.
Stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. Used in select advanced-stage cases.
